What does 'Brahman' represent in Hindu belief?

'Brahman' represents the ultimate reality or cosmic spirit in Hindu belief. It is considered the foundational essence of the universe, transcending all forms and manifestations. In many Hindu philosophical systems, Brahman is viewed as the source of all existence, encompassing everything that is, was, and will be. This concept posits that Brahman is both immanent, within all aspects of the universe, and transcendent, beyond the physical realm.

Understanding Brahman is essential for interpreting various Hindu texts and philosophies, such as the Upanishads, which explore the nature of reality and the relationship between the individual self (Atman) and the universal consciousness (Brahman). This idea of oneness is central to many meditative and devotional practices within Hinduism, where the ultimate goal is often to realize one’s unity with Brahman.

The other options do not accurately reflect the concept of Brahman. While there are physical manifestations of deities in Hinduism, Brahman itself is an abstract concept rather than a specific deity or historical figure. Additionally, though ancient texts provide teachings and guidance in Hinduism, they are distinct from the philosophical essence that Brahman embodies.