What does 'samsara' refer to in Hinduism and Buddhism?

In both Hinduism and Buddhism, 'samsara' refers to the cycle of death and rebirth, which signifies the continuous flow of life, death, and reincarnation. This concept underscores the belief that all beings undergo multiple lifetimes, moving through various forms of existence influenced by karma, the actions and deeds performed in previous lives. The goal in both traditions is to ultimately escape this cycle through spiritual realization—Hinduism often through moksha, while Buddhism seeks Nirvana.

Understanding 'samsara' is crucial as it reflects the fundamental nature of existence in these religions, emphasizing the need for spiritual growth and moral living to break free from the repetitive cycle of suffering and rebirth. This perspective shapes the ethical and philosophical underpinnings of both faiths, impacting practices like meditation and moral conduct aimed at achieving liberation.