Which religion is characterized by the belief in a single deity and the moral laws known as the Ten Commandments?

The belief in a single deity and the moral laws known as the Ten Commandments is a central aspect of Judaism. This religion strongly emphasizes the oneness of God, referred to in Hebrew as "YHWH." The Ten Commandments, which are considered divine laws given to the Israelites at Mount Sinai, play a crucial role in Jewish ethics and teachings. These commandments encompass foundational principles governing moral conduct and community relations, reflecting the covenantal relationship between God and the Jewish people.

While Christianity also holds the Ten Commandments in high esteem and recognizes the importance of monotheism, its roots lie in Judaism, with its own distinct beliefs and interpretations that evolved later. Paganism is characterized by a variety of polytheistic beliefs and practices, and Buddhism does not center around the worship of a deity, focusing instead on the path of enlightenment and personal spiritual development. Thus, the defining elements of Judaism make it the correct answer in this context.